Earline M. Inexperienced hugs jar attributed to Guadalupe Pottery First Web site on the Bayou Bend Assortment and Gardens (photograph by Michelle V. Johnson)
I chase ghosts! That’s, I examine the forgotten spirits and legacies of enslaved and free potters in Texas throughout and after the Civil Conflict in the USA of America. This journey started with a 1991 dialog with my graduate advisor John Brough Miller, professor of ceramics at Texas Girl’s College in Denton, Texas, throughout which he shared the legend of John McKamie Wilson and enslaved potters in Seguin, Texas. Almost 1 / 4 century later, in 2014, an web search led me to the web site of the Wilson Pottery Basis, created by the descendants of Hiram, James, and Wallace Wilson, the founders of H. Wilson and Co. Pottery. Three years later, in 2017, I attended the annual Wilson Pottery Present on the Sebastopol Home in Seguin and was shocked by the quantity of Wilson vintage pottery on show and the variety of collectors of it. I left the present with a heightened curiosity within the Wilson Potters.
In 2018, Tarrant County Faculty District, the place I used to be an assistant professor of Ceramics, awarded me college depart to analysis the H. Wilson & Co. Pottery, which is situated in Capote, Texas, roughly 48 miles east of San Antonio and 12 miles east of Seguin. A search on Ancestry.com led me to a database of United States craftspeople starting from 1600 to 1995, which lists Hiram Wilson because the founding father of H. Wilson and Co. Pottery. Hiram was previously an enslaved potter on the Guadalupe Pottery owned by John McKamie Wilson from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Students consider H. Wilson and Co. Pottery was the primary enterprise owned by an African American in Texas.
A deeper dive led to the opposite Wilson Potteries (designated as websites by the Texas Historic Fee, which identifies them by quantity) within the Capote space, together with the aforementioned Guadalupe Pottery (41GU6), which was the primary Wilson pottery website operated by John McKamie Wilson and his enslaved potters. H. Wilson & Co. (41GU5) was the second website, began by previously enslaved potters from the Guadalupe website. The third Wilson pottery website (41GU4) was the Durham-Chandler Pottery, owned by Marion “MJ” Durham, a White man, and John Chandler, a previously enslaved potter educated within the acclaimed Edgefield District of South Carolina. (These websites are sometimes called “First Site,” “Second Site,” and “Third Site” by collectors to assist differentiate the pottery produced at every. Second Web site items, as an illustration, are extra worthwhile than First Web site items.) After Hiram died in 1884, H. Wilson & Co. was believed to have merged with Durham-Chandler to change into Durham-Chandler-Wilson. Based on the USA Craftsperson Recordsdata database, Durham-Chandler-Wilson was based in 1870, which can point out that Hiram labored on the third website with James, Wallace, and different itinerant potters.
A card within the “United States Craftperson Files, 1600-1995” (picture courtesy the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc., Winterthur, Delaware.)
I suggest that the connection between these three websites may stretch again additional than folklore holds. What if Marion “MJ” Durham and John McKamie Wilson’s households knew one another in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina? What if Durham was one of many major traders within the Guadalupe Pottery with John McKamie Wilson? A partnership with Durham would assist Wilson’s determination to construct a pottery firm in Capote. As a member of the Durham potting dynasty in South Carolina, the previous actually possessed the information and pottery manufacturing abilities to make sure a sound funding.
Throughout my college improvement depart, I visited native historic societies, which had been heat and informative. Some areas had been wealthy in artifacts, whereas others had a wealth of documentation supporting the local people. On high of attending the 2018 pottery present on the Wilson Pottery Museum within the Sebastopol Home in Seguin, I interviewed Wilson’s descendants, collectors, and others who shared varied tales that led them to the present. One gentleman shared his salt-glazed one-gallon H. Wilson & Co. stamped pot he bought at a thrift retailer in Austin, Texas. One notable takeaway from this interview session was how typically collectors referenced San Antonio-based Texas pottery scholar and pediatrician Dr. Georgeanna Greer. She helped rediscover the Wilson potteries after the websites had been dormant for over 50 years; I found the depth of her analysis after I visited historic societies in East Texas. I used to be overwhelmed and excited to seek out letters written by her to native archivists requesting or sharing data on native pottery websites.
Picture of Dr. Georgeanna Greer (photograph by Chris Williams; courtesy American Stonewares: The Artwork & Craft of Utilitarian Potters, Schiffer Publishing Ltd.)
In 2020, I curated a solo exhibition within the Carillon Gallery at Tarrant County Faculty South Campus in Fort Price, Texas, which instructed a story and timeline to those potters by tracing the event of sure methods. The centerpiece of the present, nonetheless, was not the ceramic items impressed by the Wilson potters and created for the exhibition, however slightly the analysis figuring out those that labored at a number of pottery websites seen by way of posters, together with James and Wallace (and presumably Hiram) Wilson. Pots attributed to the primary website, Guadalupe Pottery, means that Isaac and George Suttles, potters from Ohio, might have launched the salt glazing method discovered on items attributed to the primary website’s pottery, because the apply originates from these educated within the North. The Suttles brothers later opened a pottery close to Lavernia, Texas.
The invention of this in depth pottery neighborhood in Capote redirected my focus towards East Texas, often called the entry level of Texas westward growth. A go to to the William J. Hill Texas Artisans and Artists Archive was essential to serving to me accumulate data on East Texas potters. A go to to the Museum of Positive Arts, Houston’s Bayou Bend Collections and Backyard was additionally useful in permitting me to look at Wilson Pottery from all three websites. By means of the previous, I situated a “Checklist of Texas Potters ca 1840-1940,” compiled by Bob Helberg. This listing offered names of previously enslaved potters within the East Texas area, similar to Milligan Frazier, A. Prothro, Elix Brown, and Joseph Cogburn. This in flip opened up one other world of analysis prospects. What if the pottery of the outlets praised for his or her magnificent work similar to Guadalupe Pottery had been really produced by educated enslaved laborers as an alternative of the store’s namesake? In different phrases, did the early Texas potters proceed the economic enslavement system that made the Edgefield District neighborhood in South Carolina well-known?
This analysis is only a begin. As I journey from central Texas again to Edgefield, South Carolina, trying to find pottery households who migrated west earlier than 1860 with their enslaved labor, bits and items of sherds are coming collectively to recreate the life tales of those potters. An attractive mosaic is starting to emerge.
Left: Earline M. Inexperienced, exhibition poster of Durham-Chandler Pottery with religious renderings of Marion “MJ” Durham, John Chandler, George and Isaac Suttles primarily based on non-photographic biographic paperwork; proper: Earline M. Inexperienced, exhibition posters of Durham-Chandler Pottery, with likenesses of James and Hiram Wilson drawn from pictures
Wilson Potteries jugs, churns and jars from all three websites (photograph by Earline M. Inexperienced, courtesy Bayou Bend Assortment and Gardens)
Earline M. Inexperienced on the Randolph County Historic Society, within the communities of Rock Mills and Bacon Stage in Randolph County, Alabama (photograph by Earline M. Inexperienced)
Element of a Wilson Jug (picture by and courtesy Earline M. Inexperienced)
Wilson jugs (picture by and courtesy Earline M. Inexperienced)
Left: Jug made by Thomas M. Chandler (picture courtesy the Bayou Bend Assortment); proper: Jug attributed to Guadalupe Pottery Firm (courtesy the Bayou Bend Assortment)
