Credit score: Limei Wang, Denghui Lu, Maosen Yang, Shiqi Chai, Hong Du, Hong Jiang
Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus with important human well being implications, has garnered appreciable consideration as a result of its excessive fatality charges and potential for human-to-human transmission, posing a world public well being risk.
A evaluate titled “Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention” is printed within the journal Frontiers of Drugs.
Rising in South and Southeast Asia, NiV is thought for its recurrent outbreaks, with a specific give attention to its genetic lineages, NiV-MY and NiV-BD, which differ in pathogenicity and transmissibility. The virus, initially remoted in Malaysia in 1998, has since brought about outbreaks linked to contact with contaminated animals, notably fruit bats of the Pteropus genus, or consumption of contaminated meals merchandise like uncooked date palm sap.
Epidemiological insights reveal that NiV has demonstrated its means to contaminate a variety of hosts, from pure reservoirs like bats to home animals corresponding to pigs, which act as intermediate hosts, facilitating transmission to people. Human infections have been reported throughout Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines, with the virus exhibiting a propensity for inflicting extreme illness and loss of life.
The pathogenesis of NiV entails preliminary an infection within the respiratory tract, adopted by systemic unfold, resulting in vasculitis and organ an infection. The virus’s means to evade the host’s immune response and trigger endothelial cell injury contributes to its excessive pathogenicity.
Clinically, NiV presents with a variety of signs, from nonspecific flu-like sickness to extreme neurological issues, with a big threat of relapse and late-onset encephalitis in survivors.
Presently, there isn’t any particular antiviral therapy for NiV an infection, and administration depends on supportive care. Ribavirin has been used empirically, however its efficacy stays unsure as a result of conflicting outcomes from in vitro research and animal fashions.
The event of vaccines in opposition to NiV is a precedence, with varied approaches underneath investigation, together with virus-like particle-based and mRNA-based vaccines. Nevertheless, no vaccine is but authorised for human use.
Prevention methods for NiV give attention to decreasing publicity to the virus by public well being measures corresponding to surveillance, training, and adjustments in agricultural practices. These embody stopping entry of bats thus far palm sap and implementing strict hygiene measures in pig farming to curb virus transmission.
The evaluate underscores the necessity for a multidisciplinary strategy to handle the NiV risk, together with the event of efficient therapeutics and vaccines, and the implementation of sturdy an infection management measures to stop outbreaks and shield public well being.
Extra info:
Limei Wang et al, Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention, Frontiers of Drugs (2024). DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1078-2
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retrieved 16 January 2025
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